Approximation property
In mathematics, a Banach space is said to have the approximation property (AP), if every compact operator is a limit of finite-rank operators. The converse is always true.
Every Hilbert space has this property. There are, however, Banach spaces which do not; Per Enflo published the first counterexample in a 1973 article. However, a lot of work in this area was done by Grothendieck (1955).
Later many other counterexamples were found. The space of bounded operators on does not have the approximation property (Szankowski). The spaces for and (see Sequence space) have closed subspaces that do not have the approximation property.
Definition
A Banach space is said to have the approximation property, if, for every compact set and every , there is an operator of finite rank so that , for every .
Some other flavours of the AP are studied:
Let be a Banach space and let . We say that has the -approximation property (-AP), if, for every compact set and every , there is an operator of finite rank so that , for every , and .
A Banach space is said to have bounded approximation property (BAP), if it has the -AP for some .
A Banach space is said to have metric approximation property (MAP), if it is 1-AP.
A Banach space is said to have compact approximation property (CAP), if in the definition of AP an operator of finite rank is replaced with a compact operator.
Examples
Every space with a Schauder basis has the AP (we can use the projections associated to the base as the 's in the definition), thus a lot of spaces with the AP can be found. For example, the spaces, or the symmetric Tsirelson space.
References
- Bartle, R. G. (1977). "MR0402468 (53 #6288) (Review of Per Enflo's "A counterexample to the approximation problem in Banach spaces" Acta Mathematica 130 (1973), 309–317)". Mathematical Reviews. MR402468.
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- Halmos, Paul R. (1978). "Schauder bases". American Mathematical Monthly 85 (4): 256–257. doi:10.2307/2321165. JSTOR 2321165. MR488901.
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- William B. Johnson "Complementably universal separable Banach spaces" in Robert G. Bartle (ed.), 1980 Studies in functional analysis, Mathematical Association of America.
- Kwapień, S. "On Enflo's example of a Banach space without the approximation property". Séminaire Goulaouic–Schwartz 1972—1973: Équations aux dérivées partielles et analyse fonctionnelle, Exp. No. 8, 9 pp. Centre de Math., École Polytech., Paris, 1973. MR407569
- Lindenstrauss, J.; Tzafriri, L.: Classical Banach Spaces I, Sequence spaces, 1977.
- Nedevski, P.; Trojanski, S. (1973). "P. Enflo solved in the negative Banach's problem on the existence of a basis for every separable Banach space". Fiz.-Mat. Spis. Bulgar. Akad. Nauk. 16 (49): 134–138. MR458132.
- Pietsch, Albrecht (2007). History of Banach spaces and linear operators. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, Inc.. pp. xxiv+855 pp.. ISBN 978-0-8176-4367-6, 0-8176-4367-2. MR2300779. http://books.google.com/books?id=MMorKHumdZAC&pg=PA203&dq=Pietsch.
- Karen Saxe, Beginning Functional Analysis, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, 2002 Springer-Verlag, New York.
- Singer, Ivan. Bases in Banach spaces. II. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, Bucharest; Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York, 1981. viii+880 pp. ISBN 3-540-10394-5. MR610799